Sightsavers Logo
Research centre
  • Home
  • About us
  • Research approach
  • Research studies and publications
  • Evidence gap maps
Join in:
  • Join in: Facebook
  • Join in: Twitter
  • Join in: Instagram
  • Join in: LinkedIn
  • Join in: YouTube
  • Global
  • Close search bar
    Donate
    • Home
    • About us
    • Research approach
    • Research studies and publications
    • Evidence gap maps

    Trachoma

    Methodological quality of the review: Low confidence

    Author: Anthony W Solomon, David CW Mabey

    Geographical coverage: Not specified

    Sector: Trachoma management

    Sub-sector: See above

    Equity focus: Not specified

    Review type: Effectiveness review

    Quantitative synthesis method: Narrative/thematic synthesis

    Qualitative synthesis method: Not applicable

    Background:

    Active trachoma is the world’s leading infectious cause of blindness caused by chronic infection of the conjunctiva by chlamydia trachomatis. It is a disease of poverty, overcrowding and poor sanitation. The active disease affects mainly children, but adults are at increased risk of scarring.

    Objectives:

    The aim of this systematic review is to answer the following clinical questions: what are the effects of interventions to prevent scarring trachoma by reducing the prevalence of active trachoma? What are the effects of eyelid surgery for entropion and trichiasis?

    Main findings:

    In this study, 23 systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or observational studies that met the inclusion criteria were included.

    In this systematic review, authors present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antibiotics, face washing (alone or alongside topical tetracycline), fly control (through the provision of pit latrines and using insecticide), health education and eyelid surgery (bilamellar tarsal rotation, or tarsal advance and rotation).

    In relation to face-washing alone, there was no significant difference in the proportion of children with trachoma after three months between those who had washed their faces and those with no intervention. Authors noted that face washing plus face washing alongside topical antibiotics may be beneficial, but we don’t know whether face washing alone is effective. Fly control using insecticide alone, insecticide plus mass antibiotics, or by providing pit latrines, may reduce the risks of trachoma, but is unlikely to be a feasible large-scale approach.

    Authors noted that evidence on oral or topical antibiotics was weak in terms of reducing the risk of active trachoma compared with placebo or with each other, as few comparable studies were found.

    In addition, authors stated that eyelid rotation surgery with bilamellar tarsal rotation or tarsal advance and rotation may be effective at correcting entropion and trichiasis compared with other types of surgery. However, they also stated that they did not know whether posterior lamellar tarsal rotation plus azithromycin is more effective than posterior lamellar tarsal rotation alone at correcting entropion and trichiasis.

    Methodology:

    The following databases were searched for identifying relevant studies: MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and other important databases up to January 2006. Additional searches were carried out using these websites: NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) – for Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and Health Technology Assessment (HTA), Turning Research into Practice (TRIP), and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE).

    Abstracts of the studies retrieved from the initial search were assessed by an information specialist. Selected studies were then sent to the authors for additional assessment, using pre-determined criteria to identify relevant studies. Study design criteria for inclusion in this review were: published systematic reviews and RCTs in any language, at least single blinded, and containing more than 20 individuals, of whom at least 80% were followed up.

    There was no minimum length of follow-up required to include studies. Authors excluded all studies described as “open”, “open label”, or not blinded unless blinding was impossible. Authors performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions included in this review.

    Applicability/external validity:

    Authors did not discuss applicability/external validity

    Geographic focus:

    All countries, not clear which countries

    Summary of quality assessment:

    Authors conducted a narrative synthesis of the findings, which seemed appropriate due to the vast differences of included studies, such as the difference in study population. However, this review had some important limitations. The methodology is not clear enough to ensure whether the screening of studies for inclusion and data extraction were conducted by two reviewers independently or not. Therefore, there is low confidence in the conclusions about the effects of this study.

    Publication Details TBC Source
    Sightsavers Logo
    Research centre
    • Join in:
    • Join in: Facebook
    • Join in: X
    • Join in: Instagram
    • Join in: LinkedIn
    • Join in: YouTube

    Protecting sight, fighting disease and promoting equality for all

  • Accessibility
  • Sightsavers homepage
  • Our policies
  • Media centre
  • Contact us
  • Jobs
  • Cookies and privacy Terms and conditions Modern slavery statement Safeguarding

    © 2025 by Sightsavers, Inc., Business Address for all correspondence: One Boston Place, Suite 2600, Boston, MA 02108.

    Our website uses cookies

    To make sure you have a great experience on our site, we’d like your consent to use cookies. These will collect anonymous statistics to personalise your experience.

    Manage preferences

    You have the option to enable non-essential cookies, which will help us enhance your experience and improve our website.

    Essential cookiesAlways on

    These enable our site to work correctly, for example by storing page settings. You can disable these by changing your browser settings, but some parts of our website will not work as expected.

    Analytics cookies

    To improve our website, we’d like to collect anonymous data about how you use the site, such as which pages you read, the device you’re using, and whether your visit includes a donation. This is completely anonymous, and is never used to profile individual visitors.

    Advertising cookies

    To raise awareness about our work, we’d like to show you Sightsavers adverts as you browse the web. By accepting these cookies, our advertising partners may use anonymous information to show you our adverts on other websites you visit. If you do not enable advertising cookies, you will still see adverts on other websites, but they may be less relevant to you. For info, see the Google Ads privacy policy.