What next after GDP-based cost-effectiveness thresholds?

Summary

Public payers around the world are increasingly using cost-effectiveness thresholds (CETs) to assess the value-for-money of an intervention and make health coverage decisions. However, there is still much confusion about the meaning and uses of the CET, and how it should be calculated.

This article offers five practical options for the appropriate threshold to use by decision-makers in low and middle-income countries to support evidence-informed decision making. It builds on existing literature as well as an engagement with a group of experts and decision-makers working in low, middle and high income countries.